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Antidepressant

Ajay Wasan, MD, Msc Myopathies

Suivi actif Phase 2

Résumé

Antidepressant est développé par Ajay Wasan, MD, Msc. Le traitement est actuellement en Phase 2. Il est associé à Myopathies. Son objectif thérapeutique principal est Traitement symptomatique. Le statut actuel est : suivi actif.

À vérifier

Traitement symptomatique
Phase 2
Ajay Wasan, MD, Msc
United States
This study will examine how the use of antidepressant, physical therapy, and combination of both affects pain, function, and depression outcomes in chronic low back pain patients.
2026-08-27

Début phase actuelle
Non disponible dans les sources synchronisées
Timeline clinique

Phase 2
Préclinique
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Approuvé

Objectif scientifique de l’étude

classification automatique vérifiable
Traitement symptomatique Confiance automatique : 87%

Description affichée depuis l’essai compatible NCT04747314, afin d’éviter le mélange entre plusieurs indications d’une même molécule.

Aucune incohérence majeure détectée entre la maladie, l’objectif et la description.

Transparence et qualité de la fiche

données vérifiables
ClassificationCohérente automatiquement
Confiance de la fiche100 %
Source principaleSource officielle ou publication indexée
Dernière vérification2026-08-27
Anomalies détectées0
Validation humaineValidation humaine non effectuée
Donnée issue d’une source Donnée normalisée automatiquement Interprétation algorithmique

Classification scientifique multi-axes

ne pas confondre statut et résultat
État de l’étudeTerminée
Disponibilité des résultatsRésultats à vérifier
InterprétationImpossible à déterminer
Niveau de preuveNon évaluable

Un essai terminé n’est pas nécessairement positif. Un essai arrêté n’est classé comme échec scientifique que lorsqu’un résultat ou une raison explicite le confirme.

Indicateurs factuels

sans score subjectif
Phase enregistréePhase 2
Études associées1
Publications associées54
Statut consolidéSuivi actif

Aucune chance de succès, note d’innovation, potentiel thérapeutique ou probabilité de commercialisation n’est calculé tant qu’un modèle validé et des données suffisantes ne sont pas disponibles.

Historique factuel de la molécule

58 événement(s) daté(s)

Cette liste reprend uniquement les dates trouvées dans les registres et publications liés. Elle ne constitue pas une prévision.

DateÉvénementSource
2021-03-31Début de l’étudeNCT04747314Registre d’essai clinique
2024-12-20Fin de l’étude prévue / enregistréeNCT04747314Registre d’essai clinique
2026-07-08PublicationLong-Term Inhaled Cannabis Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Five-Year Retrospective Analysis of Prospectively Collected Patient-Reported Outcomes in 241 Treatment-Refractory Patients.Biomedicines
2026-07-08PublicationPrefrontal Transcranial Pulse Stimulation for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open
2026-07-08Publicationα-Adrenergic receptor modulates 5-HT-mediated behavioral effects of MDMA and psilocybin in mice.Molecular psychiatry
2026-07-08PublicationCSF galanin and noradrenaline downregulation by psilocybin therapy in major depressive disorder.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
2026-07-08PublicationAgomelatine for Sjögren's syndrome: a study on its therapeutic effects and mechanisms.Inflammopharmacology
2026-07-10PublicationFingolimod Acutely Facilitates the Activation of TRKB in a BDNF-dependent Manner.Cellular and molecular neurobiology
2026-07-12PublicationPsilocybin-assisted therapy in treatment-resistant depression: rapid remission, uncertain durability, and the next phase of clinical evidence.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012)
2026-07-14PublicationCorrelation of Illicit Opioid Use With Antidepressants in Adults Receiving Buprenorphine/Naloxone: An Exploratory Analysis.Substance use & addiction journal
2026-07-14PublicationThe Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Tryptophan Metabolism and Depressive-Like Behavior in Mice.Brain and behavior
2026-07-14PublicationTherapeutic progress in rosacea: targeting the neuro-vascular-immune triad.Frontiers in immunology
2026-07-18PublicationContinuous theta-burst stimulation over the right DLPFC modulates central executive network connectivity in depression: exploratory analysis of a randomized clinical trial.Journal of affective disorders
2026-07-22PublicationGeneralizable structure-function covariation predictive of antidepressant response revealed by target-oriented multimodal fusion.Nature. Mental health
2026-07-22PublicationFrom Visceral Pain to Emotional Distress: Comparative Effectiveness of Antispasmodics and Antidepressants in Irritable Bowel Syndrome - Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis.Journal of gastrointestinal and liver diseases : JGLD
2026-07-22PublicationRapid Eye Movement Sleep Suppressing Antidepressant Prescription is Associated with Improved Survival in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
2026-07-23PublicationThe Pan-Salt-inducible Kinase Inhibitor YKL-06-061 Exerts Antidepressant-like Effects via Hippocampal CRTC1-CREB-BDNF Pathway Activation in Chronic Stress Models.European journal of pharmacology
2026-08-08PublicationPrazosin Monotherapy for Adolescent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Report and Narrative Review.Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing)
2026-08-08PublicationHigh dosage accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation without precision targeting and dosing in depression: an open-label pilot study.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience
2026-08-08PublicationLong-term neuropsychiatric outcomes after neuromodulation in epilepsy patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta neurologica Belgica
2026-08-08PublicationAssessment of psychotropic medicines utilization patterns for the treatment of mental and neurological disorders in Public Hospitals of Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A record-based study.PLOS mental health
2026-08-08PublicationSertraline and Escitalopram But Not Other Antidepressants Increase Acetylcholinesterase Activity in the Rat Frontal Cortex.Annals of neurosciences
2026-08-08PublicationSedentary Behavior and Physical Activity in Individuals With Bipolar Disorder: An Evidence Synthesis and Position Statement From the ISBD Nutrition and Exercise Task Force (NExT).Bipolar disorders
2026-08-08PublicationEffects of antidepressant administration on physical performance and perceived exertion in athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of clinical pharmacy
2026-08-13PublicationOtophylloside T alleviates depression-like behaviors by directly targeting EP4: An integrated multi-strategy study.Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
2026-08-13PublicationPotential Epigenetic Mechanisms of High-Frequency rTMS in the Treatment of Major Depression: A Brief Report of Current Evidence.Noro psikiyatri arsivi
2026-08-13PublicationStepwise Translational Validation of the Screening Hit Desipramine Reveals Limits of Fibroblast-State Modulation in Lung Fibrosis.Cells
2026-08-13PublicationSystemic Medications as Triggers of Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma: A Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine
2026-08-13PublicationUncovering Modifiable Contributors to Depressive Symptoms During Antidepressant Prescription Renewal: A Primary Care Case Report.Clinical case reports
2026-08-13PublicationExploring brain-gut interaction mechanisms in Transcutaneous auricular Vagus Nerve stimulation for Major Depressive Disorder.BMC psychiatry
2026-08-13PublicationLocked in Lucid Rhythms: A Case of Rhythmic Movement Disorder in Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep.Cureus
2026-08-13PublicationAntidepressant medications have differential effects on REM sleep without atonia quantified by chin and upper extremity EMG.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine
2026-08-13PublicationParameter-Specific Effects of Low-Intensity Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Stimulation on Depression-Like Behaviors in a CUMS Mouse Model.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment
2026-08-13PublicationResults from a drug utilization study of extended release quetiapine fumarate prescribed by psychiatrists as treatment for major depressive disorder in selected countries in the European Union.International clinical psychopharmacology
2026-08-13PublicationThe impact of fluoxetine on the aversive effects of lysergic acid diethylamide.Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology
2026-08-13PublicationXiaoyao San exerts antidepressant effects via the gut microbiota-brain axis: An integrative fMRI and multiomics study.Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
2026-08-16PublicationProliferative Effects of the Psychedelic N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in Human Neural Stem Cells.ACS chemical neuroscience
2026-08-16PublicationYueju pill exerts rapid antidepressant effects via sequential activation of hippocampal GLP-1 receptor and PACAP signaling in mice.Journal of ethnopharmacology
2026-08-16PublicationHerb pair of Eucommiae Folium and Gardeniae Fructus enhanced hippocampal PACAP-mediated neuroplasticity via the non-classic downstream PI3K/AKT signaling to exert antidepressant effects.Journal of ethnopharmacology
2026-08-16PublicationKetamine preserves perineuronal nets in chronic stressed mice brain through the inhibition of microglia activation.IBRO neuroscience reports
2026-08-16PublicationInvestigating the effects of antidepressants on measures of insulin resistance in major depressive disorder: A systematic review.Journal of affective disorders
2026-08-16PublicationValproic acid effects on stress-induced depression-like behavior in rodent models: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
2026-08-16PublicationAntidepressant-like effects of valproic acid in rodents go back to the 1980s: a comment to enrich the reviewed evidence by Goudarzi et al. (2026) "Valproic acid effects on stress-induced depression-like behavior in rodent models: a systematic review and meta-analysis".Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
2026-08-16PublicationAnticancer activity of fluoxetine Janus dendrimer against cancer cells.Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology
2026-08-16PublicationComprehensive phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of Cynoglossum clandestinum desf. ethanolic leaf extract: In vitro, In vivo, and In silico assessment of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant properties.Journal of ethnopharmacology
2026-08-16PublicationBeyond rodents: A systematic review of antidepressant-like effects in as an alternative model in psychopharmacology.Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA
2026-08-16PublicationVA-ECMO and HIET for toxic cardiogenic shock in an elderly patient following severe poly-intoxication: A case report.Toxicology reports
2026-08-16PublicationDissociable roles of frontal electroencephalography markers in depression: Predictive value of frontal alpha asymmetry and responsive changes in beta power following home-based brain stimulation.Journal of psychiatric research
2026-08-16PublicationPsilocybin-assisted group psychotherapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction for frontline healthcare provider COVID-19-related depression and burnout: A randomized controlled trial.PLoS medicine
2026-08-16PublicationA more optimistic outlook about disease-modifying therapies and depressive symptoms in multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional analysis.Journal of affective disorders
2026-08-16PublicationPsychopharmacological treatment of patients with heart failure: A narrative review of antidepressants and anxiolytics.Current problems in cardiology
2026-08-16PublicationRedox modulation contributes to the antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects of 7-chloro-4-(phenylselanyl)quinoline in an Alzheimer's disease model.Redox report : communications in free radical research
2026-08-16PublicationThe placebo effect on depressive symptoms and brain age in patients with depression: a reanalysis study of a randomized controlled clinical trial on the antidepressive effect of bright light therapy.Journal of psychiatric research
2026-08-16PublicationReward circuitry predicts the effects of fMRI-guided accelerated prolonged iTBS in treatment-resistant depression.Psychiatry research
2026-08-16PublicationTreatment-characteristic brain structural changes in depression: A multi-center longitudinal observational study.Journal of affective disorders
2026-08-27Dernière mise à jour des donnéesAntidepressantBiomedical Watch
2026-09-01Création de l’enregistrementNCT04747314Registre d’essai clinique
2026-09-14PublicationRemotely Supervised, Home-Based Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Major Depressive Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JMIR mental health

Début phase actuelle
Non disponible dans les sources synchronisées
Essais cliniques liés

1 essai(s)
NCT Titre Phase Statut administratif Pays Sponsor
NCT04747314 TNA-LBP — Treating Negative Affect in Low Back Pain Patients Phase 2 COMPLETED United States Ajay Wasan, MD, Msc

Publications liées

54 publication(s)

Publications liées

54 publication(s)
Titre PMID DOI Journal Date
Remotely Supervised, Home-Based Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Major Depressive Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Voir source 42696738 10.2196/92522 JMIR mental health
Proliferative Effects of the Psychedelic N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in Human Neural Stem Cells. Voir source 42427129 10.1021/acschemneuro.6c00209 ACS chemical neuroscience
Yueju pill exerts rapid antidepressant effects via sequential activation of hippocampal GLP-1 receptor and PACAP signaling in mice. Voir source 42034172 10.1016/j.jep.2026.121767 Journal of ethnopharmacology
Herb pair of Eucommiae Folium and Gardeniae Fructus enhanced hippocampal PACAP-mediated neuroplasticity via the non-classic downstream PI3K/AKT signaling to exert antidepressant effects. Voir source 42106016 10.1016/j.jep.2026.121833 Journal of ethnopharmacology
Ketamine preserves perineuronal nets in chronic stressed mice brain through the inhibition of microglia activation. Voir source 42571376 10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.07.016 IBRO neuroscience reports
Investigating the effects of antidepressants on measures of insulin resistance in major depressive disorder: A systematic review. Voir source 42323987 10.1016/j.jad.2026.122156 Journal of affective disorders
Valproic acid effects on stress-induced depression-like behavior in rodent models: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Voir source 41826267 10.1080/10253890.2026.2641561 Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
Antidepressant-like effects of valproic acid in rodents go back to the 1980s: a comment to enrich the reviewed evidence by Goudarzi et al. (2026) "Valproic acid effects on stress-induced depression-like behavior in rodent models: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Voir source 42530025 10.1080/10253890.2026.2709368 Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
Anticancer activity of fluoxetine Janus dendrimer against cancer cells. Voir source 42167254 10.1080/21691401.2026.2672826 Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology
Comprehensive phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of Cynoglossum clandestinum desf. ethanolic leaf extract: In vitro, In vivo, and In silico assessment of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant properties. Voir source 42242600 10.1016/j.jep.2026.121942 Journal of ethnopharmacology
Beyond rodents: A systematic review of antidepressant-like effects in as an alternative model in psychopharmacology. Voir source 42538543 10.1177/02611929261468339 Alternatives to laboratory animals : ATLA
VA-ECMO and HIET for toxic cardiogenic shock in an elderly patient following severe poly-intoxication: A case report. Voir source 42434173 10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102307 Toxicology reports
Dissociable roles of frontal electroencephalography markers in depression: Predictive value of frontal alpha asymmetry and responsive changes in beta power following home-based brain stimulation. Voir source 42341411 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.06.030 Journal of psychiatric research
Psilocybin-assisted group psychotherapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction for frontline healthcare provider COVID-19-related depression and burnout: A randomized controlled trial. Voir source 40972137 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004519 PLoS medicine
A more optimistic outlook about disease-modifying therapies and depressive symptoms in multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional analysis. Voir source 42217643 10.1016/j.jad.2026.122056 Journal of affective disorders
Psychopharmacological treatment of patients with heart failure: A narrative review of antidepressants and anxiolytics. Voir source 42259462 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2026.103385 Current problems in cardiology
Redox modulation contributes to the antidepressant-like and neuroprotective effects of 7-chloro-4-(phenylselanyl)quinoline in an Alzheimer's disease model. Voir source 41697767 10.1080/13510002.2026.2626641 Redox report : communications in free radical research
The placebo effect on depressive symptoms and brain age in patients with depression: a reanalysis study of a randomized controlled clinical trial on the antidepressive effect of bright light therapy. Voir source 41544307 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.01.019 Journal of psychiatric research
Reward circuitry predicts the effects of fMRI-guided accelerated prolonged iTBS in treatment-resistant depression. Voir source 42537324 10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117349 Psychiatry research
Treatment-characteristic brain structural changes in depression: A multi-center longitudinal observational study. Voir source 42456821 10.1016/j.jad.2026.122269 Journal of affective disorders
Otophylloside T alleviates depression-like behaviors by directly targeting EP4: An integrated multi-strategy study. Voir source 42585681 10.1016/j.phymed.2026.158697 Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
Potential Epigenetic Mechanisms of High-Frequency rTMS in the Treatment of Major Depression: A Brief Report of Current Evidence. Voir source 42582898 10.29399/npa.29345 Noro psikiyatri arsivi
Stepwise Translational Validation of the Screening Hit Desipramine Reveals Limits of Fibroblast-State Modulation in Lung Fibrosis. Voir source 42587754 10.3390/cells15151344 Cells
Systemic Medications as Triggers of Acute Angle-Closure Glaucoma: A Narrative Review. Voir source 42589938 10.3390/jcm15155834 Journal of clinical medicine
Uncovering Modifiable Contributors to Depressive Symptoms During Antidepressant Prescription Renewal: A Primary Care Case Report. Voir source 42568808 10.1002/ccr3.73316 Clinical case reports
Exploring brain-gut interaction mechanisms in Transcutaneous auricular Vagus Nerve stimulation for Major Depressive Disorder. Voir source 42487113 10.1186/s12888-026-08409-y BMC psychiatry
Locked in Lucid Rhythms: A Case of Rhythmic Movement Disorder in Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep. Voir source 42416935 10.7759/cureus.110405 Cureus
Antidepressant medications have differential effects on REM sleep without atonia quantified by chin and upper extremity EMG. Voir source 42426312 10.1007/s44470-026-00127-2 Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine
Parameter-Specific Effects of Low-Intensity Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Stimulation on Depression-Like Behaviors in a CUMS Mouse Model. Voir source 41847603 10.2147/NDT.S586583 Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment
Results from a drug utilization study of extended release quetiapine fumarate prescribed by psychiatrists as treatment for major depressive disorder in selected countries in the European Union. Voir source 29068794 10.1097/YIC.0000000000000202 International clinical psychopharmacology
The impact of fluoxetine on the aversive effects of lysergic acid diethylamide. Voir source 42574097 10.1037/pha0000876 Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology
Xiaoyao San exerts antidepressant effects via the gut microbiota-brain axis: An integrative fMRI and multiomics study. Voir source 42580208 10.1016/j.jpba.2026.117695 Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
Prazosin Monotherapy for Adolescent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Report and Narrative Review. Voir source 42538895 10.1176/appi.focus.20250029 Focus (American Psychiatric Publishing)
High dosage accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation without precision targeting and dosing in depression: an open-label pilot study. Voir source 40705070 10.1007/s00406-025-02067-z European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience
Long-term neuropsychiatric outcomes after neuromodulation in epilepsy patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Voir source 42530840 10.1007/s13760-026-03113-w Acta neurologica Belgica
Assessment of psychotropic medicines utilization patterns for the treatment of mental and neurological disorders in Public Hospitals of Hadiya Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A record-based study. Voir source 42566488 10.1371/journal.pmen.0000665 PLOS mental health
Sertraline and Escitalopram But Not Other Antidepressants Increase Acetylcholinesterase Activity in the Rat Frontal Cortex. Voir source 42553268 10.1177/09727531261448654 Annals of neurosciences
Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity in Individuals With Bipolar Disorder: An Evidence Synthesis and Position Statement From the ISBD Nutrition and Exercise Task Force (NExT). Voir source 42545207 10.1111/bdi.70164 Bipolar disorders
Effects of antidepressant administration on physical performance and perceived exertion in athletes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Voir source 42560424 10.1007/s11096-026-02206-z International journal of clinical pharmacy
The Pan-Salt-inducible Kinase Inhibitor YKL-06-061 Exerts Antidepressant-like Effects via Hippocampal CRTC1-CREB-BDNF Pathway Activation in Chronic Stress Models. Voir source 42486321 10.1016/j.ejphar.2026.179170 European journal of pharmacology
Generalizable structure-function covariation predictive of antidepressant response revealed by target-oriented multimodal fusion. Voir source 42460432 10.1038/s44220-025-00541-0 Nature. Mental health
From Visceral Pain to Emotional Distress: Comparative Effectiveness of Antispasmodics and Antidepressants in Irritable Bowel Syndrome - Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Voir source 42470701 10.15403/jgld-6815 Journal of gastrointestinal and liver diseases : JGLD
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Suppressing Antidepressant Prescription is Associated with Improved Survival in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Voir source 42472717 10.1007/s10072-026-09202-1 Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
Continuous theta-burst stimulation over the right DLPFC modulates central executive network connectivity in depression: exploratory analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Voir source 42468853 10.1016/j.jad.2026.122283 Journal of affective disorders
Correlation of Illicit Opioid Use With Antidepressants in Adults Receiving Buprenorphine/Naloxone: An Exploratory Analysis. Voir source 42423162 10.1177/29767342261456634 Substance use & addiction journal
The Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Tryptophan Metabolism and Depressive-Like Behavior in Mice. Voir source 42444411 10.1002/brb3.71596 Brain and behavior
Therapeutic progress in rosacea: targeting the neuro-vascular-immune triad. Voir source 42440475 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1876564 Frontiers in immunology
Psilocybin-assisted therapy in treatment-resistant depression: rapid remission, uncertain durability, and the next phase of clinical evidence. Voir source 42433813 10.1097/MS9.0000000000005244 Annals of medicine and surgery (2012)
Fingolimod Acutely Facilitates the Activation of TRKB in a BDNF-dependent Manner. Voir source 42420746 10.1007/s10571-026-01774-y Cellular and molecular neurobiology
Long-Term Inhaled Cannabis Therapy for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Five-Year Retrospective Analysis of Prospectively Collected Patient-Reported Outcomes in 241 Treatment-Refractory Patients. Voir source 42351683 10.3390/biomedicines14061255 Biomedicines
Prefrontal Transcranial Pulse Stimulation for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Voir source 42406402 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.21592 JAMA network open
α-Adrenergic receptor modulates 5-HT-mediated behavioral effects of MDMA and psilocybin in mice. Voir source 42414551 10.1038/s41380-026-03713-1 Molecular psychiatry
CSF galanin and noradrenaline downregulation by psilocybin therapy in major depressive disorder. Voir source 42414566 10.1038/s41386-026-02490-3 Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
Agomelatine for Sjögren's syndrome: a study on its therapeutic effects and mechanisms. Voir source 42406252 10.1007/s10787-026-02321-3 Inflammopharmacology

Sources officielles

liens de recherche

Dernière mise à jour des données : 2026-08-27

Ces sources sont proposées pour vérification. Les informations de la fiche doivent être confirmées dans les registres officiels ou les publications originales.